Romulus, My Father – Essay

Explore how perceptions of belonging and not belonging can be influenced by connections to places in Romulus, My Father. An individual's capacity to belong is primarily dependent on their personal experience, and varies in difficulty depending on the dynamics of each individual's personality and temperament. The landscape in which an individual resides has a definitive impact upon an individual’s sense of belonging. Furthermore, the specific place, in relation to where the individual literally resides, too influences ones sense of belonging.In Raimond Gaita's biographical memoir Romulus, My Father, the notion of belonging is strongly influenced by place. Both belonging and not belonging are explored through the characters sense of place, Romulus and Christine respectively. Romulus is able to successfully transition from Yugoslavia to Australia as he effectively endeavours to integrate his native culture – through Slivovitz, Yugoslavian friends and his native trade †“ into his newfound home. In contrast, Christine is unable to find any means of connection to the place or landscape and as a result becomes alienated.Raimond connects to place in his own unique way, using the landscape of rural Australia as a metaphor for belonging and subsequently finding a ‘place to call home’. Ultimately, Romulus, My Father explores the powerful influence that place holds over an individual’s sense of belonging. Throughout Raimond Gaita’s Romulus, My Father, Romulus Gaita’s sense of belonging is heavily influenced through a connection to place and landscape. Born in Yugoslavia, Romulus emigrated on an assisted passage in 1950 at the age of 28, with his young wife Christine and their four-year-old son Raimond soon after the end of World War II.While the transition between countries can often hold harsh and ominous repercussions on an individual’s sense of self, Romulus seems to successfully establish himself within the A ustralian community. Foremost, Romulus does so though an integration of his native culture. Immediately upon arriving at Baringhup in order to work, Romulus specifically seeks out his fellow Romanians and ultimately finds them in Hora and Mitru. Furthermore, his frequent drinking of Slivovitz, a Romanian brandy, coupled with his commitment to the trade he perfected in Romania highlights his commitment to his native country.This patriotism is ultimately accepted by the individuals Romulus associates with, and as a result strengthens his sense of belonging. The landscape of the Australian outback also has an impact on Romulus’ sense of belonging. Raimond often reflects on how Romulus feels isolated from the world, as a result of being away from the winterly forests of Europe. The effect is a slight diminution of Romulus’ sense of belonging as he at times longs to return to Yugoslavia.The peppercorn tree, situated in Frogmore, symbolises Romulus’ tether between his desire to return to Yugoslavia and his current location of Australia as it represents his native country, albeit located in his newfound home. Christine, Romulus’ wife, in contrast to Romulus himself, has her sense of belonging wrought through a disconnection towards place and landscape. It is evident at the beginning of the memoir that Christine feels a lack of belonging through living in Germany and as a result is the driving force behind the Gaita’s move to Australia.This act shows Christine’s inability to stay and commit to one place. Even upon arriving in Australia, Christine displays an inability to connect with the place she resides, and furthermore the landscape she is presented with. Despite only leaving Europe recently, Christine too seems to feel isolated by the Australian outback. The rural Australian landscape of Frogmore ultimately becomes too much for Christine, who subtly still longs for the winterly forests of Europe.Whether it is a result of h er unaccepted values in the eyes of the local community, her largely misunderstood mental illness or a strong disconnection to place and landscape, Christine is constantly on the move, which further highlighting her temporary nature. Time after time, Christine feels alienated by the landscape she surrounds herself with and ultimately feels the need to escape the alienation for good, resulting in her suicide. The dead red gum tree becomes a metaphor for her desolation, oppression and inability to become accustomed to the land.The tree, like Christine, is of complete contrast to its landscape; drawing parallels to Christine’s alienation. â€Å"The scraggy gum delineated against a dark blue backdrop of a sky. † Raimond is able to fashion his own sense of belonging through place in a way this is distinctively different from Romulus and Christine. The distinctive difference between Raimond and his parents is that Raimond is able to grow up in Australia. This ultimately has a major impact upon the way place shapes his sense of belonging. Raimond embraces his Australian environment, most notably through his school.Raimond, once again unlike his parents, is able to fully embrace the Australian culture without any significant ties to the European culture. It is in this way that Raimond is able to fully feel at home within the landscape of the rural Australian outback. Raimond relishes the rural landscape, which is further explored during his epiphany. Ultimately, an individual's capacity to belong is primarily dependent on their personal experience. However, the difficulties in belonging are derived from the dynamics of an individual's personality as their subjective perceptions of themselves and their surrounds influence their capacity to belong.Raimond Gaita's memoir, Romulus, My Father depicts the varying difficulties in belonging through the parallel portrayal of Christine and Raimond; asserting that Christine' temporary nature prevented her from achi eving a sense of belonging. Raimond's sense of belonging is shaped through coming to terms with his bucolic setting, in contrast to the innate connection to the land of his father. Thus, belonging is seen as a subjective notion whereby the hazards and difficulties of achieving belonging are varied dependent on the dynamics of the individual’s personality and temperament.

Dinner With Friends

Within the field of psychology there are branches that explore different types of human behaviour. Some of those branches turn their attention to hidden aspects of the human nature, like for example research into our linguistic faculties, other deal with modeling of various situations to better investigate our individual or group modes of action.But perhaps one of the fields of psychology that deals with the realm of human life which is most familiar to us in our everyday goings-on is the branch investigating interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication can be most generally defined as our communication with another person or within a group of persons. However, this overall description hides the true complexity and variety of the forms that interpersonal communication can take.Indeed, to this aspect of our social life we can attribute such fundamental elements of out interaction with people as ability to initiate and maintain conversations or arguments, to listen, to spea k privately and publicly, to generate and interpret patterns of nonverbal communication, manifest our unconscious modes of communication, and any other skills that actually enable us to be active members of society. At this point, considering the proximity of the phenomenon of interpersonal communication to our everyday life, we may wonder what are the proper ways of study of forms of interpersonal communication?Of course, psychology as a strict science has its own standards and methods of investigation. But at the same time I think that we can find a lot of examples of interpersonal communication happening on a regular basis right before our eyes. To see this we may turn to the film â€Å"Dinner With Friends† (2001) directed by Norman Jewison, which provides a lot of interesting aspects relevant to the theory of interpersonal communication. Let us take a closer look and discuss such aspects.The film â€Å"Dinner With Friends† tells a story of two married couples †“ Gabe and Karen, and Beth and Tom – that have been close friends for 12 years, and were spending their time over dinners discussing their relationships, their children, and other matters and interests that friends can share. However, when unexpectedly for Gabe and Karen Beth declares that she and Tom had decided to separate, this event inflicts a profound change in the pattern of their relationships.As both couples undergo emotional turmoils it turns out that, ironically, their mutual love of cooking may be the only thing that remains between them, while their former friendship is gone. â€Å"Dinner with Friends† is mostly built upon conversations as the vehicle to unfold the story. The personages talk a lot about different things, from their love of food to their ideas about the meaning of life, and the director managed to make dialogues in the film very life-like, akin to those that we would expect from really good friends.In this way, touching upon the theme of t he complexity of human relations that is familiar and important to most of us, the film provides very subtle insights into the nuances of friendship, marriage as a very delicate union between people, and divorce as a force that can have profound impact on lives of people. Now, speaking about interpersonal communication we may immediately begin to find examples of it in the film.Being the direct and the most personal form of interaction, interpersonal communication helps people learn about each other in an intimate way. We can see this in the film, which depicts communication between two people, also called dyadic communication. Dyadic communication occurs in privacy between Gabe and Karen, and Beth and Tom, and also between Karen and Beth, and Tom and Gabe, when due to the break-up of their traditional relations tensions develop between these women and men.In this regard, it is interesting to point out that as Gabe and Karen perceived their friendship with Beth and Tom as a close on e, after learning about the alleged betrayal of Beth by Tom Karen is angry that she had been unaware of the brewing troubles in their marriage. Thus, the previous apparent intimacy of relations between the couples was not completely true, and it could hardly be such. As Karen bitterly says, one can spend the whole life with another person, and in the end it may turn out that the person you fully entrusted your fate to is an impostor.To this, Gabe thoughtfully responds: â€Å"But it can`t be as simple as that†. Indeed, in accordance with the developmental view of interpersonal communication, with time communicators get to know more details about each another, develop ability to partly predict their behavior, and create their own rules of communication. But in the case of the couples from the movie, it seems that their established rules of communication at some point began to lag behind the changing nature of relationships within couples themselves, as most notably was the case with Beth and Tom.At the same time, being influenced and disturbed by the divorce of friends Gabe and Karen also had to reevaluate their seemingly healthy marriage. This fact hints about another quality of interpersonal communication, which lies in its effect on formation of our self-concepts through confirmation and gradual transformation of our identities. In application to the characters from the film, this can be evidenced by the belief of Gabe and Karen that they knew their friends very well, while in reality this was not the case.And when tensions between couples develop, Beth reevaluates the nature of gifts that Karen, who considered Beth to be â€Å"a mess†, had presented to her. In the scene where Beth declares that she has a new lover and Karen advises her to slow down, Beth observes: â€Å". . . you love it when I'm a mess. Every Karen needs a Beth. † It is not wonder that such aggressive stance of the person who had been your close friend can surely influe nce our self-perception. We also may interpret the interrelations between the characters of the film as representative of the small group communication aspect of interpersonal communication.While it is somewhat difficult to define a small group, some researches propose to consider as small such a group in which each participant can immediately sense and remember the presence of other participants. This definition suits the situations of the personages of the film â€Å"Dinner With Friends† very well. Judging from this viewpoint, small group communication between the couples can be interpreted as a dynamical process of receiving inputs, processing the information, and outputting certain behavioral modes.Input factors are present even before a group forms, and in our case it is the mutual background of the two couples, as Beth and Tom were in the first place introduced to each other by Gabe and Karen; process factors are developments that emerge in the process of communication within group, as exemplified in the film by rapid change of the format of individual relations between the personages themselves, and, consequently, between the couples in the aftermath of the break-up between Beth and Tom; finally, output factors are end results of the communication, and for Gabe, Karen, Beth, and Tom the end results were different, but in all cases prominent.For Beth and Tom the divorce meant the transformation of their lives, and for Gabe and Karen the separation of their friends from their small group serves as an impetus to come to conscious conclusion that â€Å"practical matters outweigh abandon† when it comes to their own family chores. On ground of what we have discussed, we can see that in the end of the film all its personages are deeply affected by the changes in the disposition of their dyadic relations and relations within their small group. In this way, it becomes clear that interpersonal communication has a very important role for all of us be cause it can influence the most important aspects of our life, friendship and marriage among them.

Ancient India Essay

The era that brought India into the map of cultural prominence was during the rule of the Gupta Dynasty. The 4th and 5th century C. E. is considered as the Golden Age of India. The attainment of this Golden Age was made possible by the rule and influence of the Gupta Dynasty, which fostered the development of both the cultural and the political might of India during its time. The Gupta Rulers Chandragupta I, son of Ghatotkacha, was the fist imperial ruler of the empire situated in the north of the then India in the Vindhya Range. By marrying the princess of Licchavis, he formed alliance with the clan and begun power expansion. One of the important administrative systems that he established during his reign was the assembly of councilors that nominated his successor. The largest territorial expansion of the empire was undertaken during the reign of Samudragupta, son of Chandragupta I. His campaign established the largest political unit in South Asia at that time (Heitzman, 2007). He is considered as one of the greatest military geniuses in the history of India. One of his notable contributions was the establishment of coins made of pure gold. More than an exemplary military leader, he was also a patron of the arts as he was a celebrated poet and musician. He made coinage as the expertise of his time. Chandragupta II further expanded the empire through war conquests. His power was extended from coast-to-coast; and his reign became the economical high point of the empire through the establishment of trading capitals. During the reign of Kumaragupta I, the Pushyamitras tribe became powerful and had post threat to the empire. His successor, Skandagupta, considered the last of the great Gupta rulers, defeated the tribe but the territory was later on invaded by the White Huns. This defeat signaled the start of the decline of the empire. The Impact of the Empire The Gupta Dynasty is highly regarded for their contributions to the arts and culture of South Asia. Though the rulers’ cultural role was limited, their coinage expresses their being patrons of the arts (Heitzman, 2007). According to Hooker (1996), the era’s cultural creativity is exemplified in magnificent architecture, sculpture and paintings. The paintings found in the Ajanta Cave are considered to be the most powerful works of the Indian art. Literature also flourished during that time of Indian history. The Gupta Empire had produced one of the greatest writers of poetry, Kalidasa. He is known for his lyric poetry and dramas, not only in India but also in Asian and even Western circles. It is also observed that the trading ports of the empire made the Indian culture dominant in the region. The period of the Gupta Dynasty was the period of â€Å"Greater India† (Hooker, 1996). Their cultural influences were extended through Burma, Cambodia and Sri Lanka. Another cultural legacy of the dynasty is the coinage system and effective administrative system. Their government was governed with only one taxation system centralized to the empire capital in Pataliputra. The kings remained to be the vassal kings where the entire kingdom was consolidated into single administrative unit (Hooker, 1996). The era of the Gupta Dynasty has not only uplifted the country politically but culturally as well. It has spilled over its influence in the South Asian region through wide range of trading products and services. Though it was later on buried in the pages of Indian history, its legacy to the Indian nation continue to this age. Its cultural heritage truly makes India one of the richest cultures in the world. References: Hooker, Richard (1996). The Age of the Guptas and After. Ancient India. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://www. wsu. edu/~dee/ANCINDIA/GUPTA. HTM Heitzman, James (2007). Gupta Dynasty. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://encarta. msn. com.

Social Performance of Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Social Performance of Organizations - Essay Example However, some of the producers refused making the De Beer to flood the market with products that were similar to those who refused to join it and it afterwards purchased all the products that were produced by the rivals thus controlling the market prices (Edward, 1982). The company is involved in mining activities in various countries. For example, in Botswana De Beers mine through the company referred to as Debswana. In South Africa, De Beers Consolidated Mines is responsible for the mining activities. As far as business structure is concerned, De Beer has two major shareholdings which include Botswana government owning 15% and Anglo America Company that owns 85%. Other related companies that are involved in the De Beers diamond value chain include Diamdel, Namdeb, De Beers Canada, Diamond Trading Company South Africa and Namibia Diamond Trading Company. As an international company, De Beers can be affected by two main external environment factors. First, the custom duties and quota s imposed by countries may make the company demand for its products to decrease. This is based on the government’s policy to lower the importation of foreign products in order to enhance domestic consumption. Secondly, the stiff competition from other companies in the mining industry may result to decrease in the prices of the company products. This may be due to the other companies’ intention to face off the companies in the international market. One of the major stakeholders of De Beers Diamond Company is Diamond Trading Company (DTC). DTC main duties include selling and distribution of the company products. By selling approximately 75% of rough diamond in the international market, DTC is able to generate high revenue for De Beers an aspect that has made the company to effectively expand in the international market (Martin, 2007). The second important part of the stakeholders is the employees. With more than 20,000 employees, the company objectives

HW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HW - Essay Example s tend to blend, by themselves, with each other revealing a whole new picture far from the simple colored square-circle-circle pattern you can observe up close. This is where you can view the real image of the person in the portrait. This was not done by Close through simply blotting dots on the canvass but each element in the pattern was carefully done with so much accuracy and precision that the colors are in their respective spaces in order to achieve the perfect disclosure for the actual image of the portrait. This technique has been tried by many artists but has been completed by only a few and yes, it can be asserted that Chuck Close is one of the few who did perfectly well in this art style. Denvir (1999) defined Impressionism as a movement in the Art History focusing on the depiction of the light’s presence in order to represent the passing of time the same way as Claude Monet portrayed in his painting Impression, soleil levant (Impression, sunrise) which clearly showed the breaking of the dawn through the vaporous frontage of the sun. Claude Monet exemplarily embodied Impressionism with the 250 oil paintings he made of the Lilies in the Pond series where each is unique from another in terms of hue and panache qualitatively. The intricate brush strokes vividly illustrate the position of the light indicating the time at which the work was completed. The works of Monet is not just a panorama of lilies in a pond from different perspectives but this series of artworks exemplify the sequence of time in an exquisite manner. The tolerant comportment he applied in his paintings made each of Monet’s work to be so engulfing; captivating enough for you to lose grip of the ground you are in. Monet’s Water Lilies, Morning; Willows is a great inspiration for Optical Arts as it shows imaginary movement through the wobbly patterns and the choice and contrast of colors make the painting appear to be moving. Though there is neither a defined perspective nor a

African slavery and African Catholicism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

African slavery and African Catholicism - Essay Example Many historians and scholars hold that the domination of European rule in Africa caused African slavery and the development of African Catholicism. However, there is much evidence showing that the development of African slavery and African Catholicism occurred due to deep rooted African systems and an already established traditional form of religion. It will also provide evidence of the roots and development of African slavery. Roots and Development of African Catholicism and African Slavery Many scholars view Christianity in Kongo, especially Catholicism as a foreign religion introduced by the colonizers during the 15th and 16th centuries. In addition, these scholars often deem this form of religion as serving the interests of foreigners more than the indigenous Kongo people. The result of this assertion is that Christianity overlooked the independence of Kongo people. In addition, this caused most historians to view the deemed introduced Christianity as a form of colonization and d omination by the Portuguese in Kongo. Moreover, these historians also assert that the conversion of Kongo to Christianity and the development of African Catholicism was a direct effect of westernization of Kongo (Thornton, 147). The history of religion and African Catholicism was quite different from the assertions of these historians and scholars. The conversion of Kongo in to Christianity was under a free will. Consequently, it is evident that the Kongo people and leaders highly determined the structure of the church and its doctrines as well as practices. It is also evident that the Portuguese attempted to control the church under political terms. However, this was not possible since Kongo highly controlled the activities and practices of the church. Even though contemporary studies reveal that there was substantial syncretism in Christian doctrines in Kongo, the European clergy who visited Kongo, recognized it as conventional (Thornton, 148). In the case of African slavery, ther e are misconceptions by most scholars as to what prompted slave trade in the region. Most of these scholars considered the roots of African slavery as a product of economic underdevelopment in Africa, in which forced labor dominated the economy rather than free labor. However, this was not the case but there was the spirit of slavery rooted deep in the African institutional and legal structures of communities of Africa. In addition, this kind of slavery occurred very differently from the form of slavery in Europe. The main reason that slavery occurred widely in the Atlantic Africa was that in African law, slaves were the only recognized form of private ownership. It became very perverse in the African society because there lacked landed private property (Thornton, 74). The incorporation of Christianity as a part of indigenous religion is the main reason it survived and hence the documentation of the cult dates from the early sixteenth century to the present day. In the nineteenth ce ntury, Christianity briefly disappeared from Kongo. However, the disappearance was not due to a lack on the part of Kongo, a failure on the part of the clergy or a resurgence of suppressed local religion. Rather, it was because of the changing definition among European clergy including Rome as to what made up Christianity, together with more chauvinistic attitudes towards non-Western and particularly colonial peoples that happened after I850 (Thornton, 148). In African law, one could only establish a claim on a product through taxation and slavery rather than through the fiction of land ownership. However, this did not make the African legal system backward or egalitarian, but only legally divergent. Due to this

Implementing a Clinical Practice Change Research Paper

Implementing a Clinical Practice Change - Research Paper Example This factor compels organizational leaders to identify the number and types of clinical workers will be affected by the change. These workers will need additional competition for the work they will commit to while in a changing work environment. The gathered information should allow healthcare organization to educate risks brought about by decisions made by the respective workers (French, et al., 2012). Second, fee-for-service programs affect the implementation process of clinical practice change because it results in additional measures like the supervision of diabetes patients. Third, prospective systems make up another economic factor the places physical risks on the side of the healthcare provider and lower the quantity of care. As a result, the organizations have to consider these systems come up with interventions and policies that mitigate their effect on the clinical practice change.First, legislation that governs particular clinical processes and guidelines have invasive pro tocols important to many healthcare providers. For example, pharmacists have to adhere to laws governing the prescription of medication for particular illnesses and to eligible buyers. Second, legal permission has to be sought to modify the particular clinical practice undergoing change to enable the leading project to continue. Legal permissions allow clinical experts such as midwives to record the number of IUD supplements made, the frequency of applied skills, kinds of health complications, and the consequences for both the mother and infant (Gallagher-Ford, et al., 2011). Third, legislative precedents for accessing current domestic and national databases are necessary for implementing the change in a stipulated clinical practice. This means the legal defenders of healthcare providers may need tailored appraisals and other programs that cover pre and neo-guideline applications and contracts.

Write a reflection using rolfe te al model of reflection Essay

Write a reflection using rolfe te al model of reflection - Essay Example This reflective account does not contain the real identity of the people involved for ethical and confidentiality reasons (Jasper, 2003, 1-31). I will use the Rolfe et al model of reflection in this reflective account from the point of view of a student nurse (Rolfe et al., 2001, 1-61). After checking the prescription and drugs, the medications were supposed to be administered to the patient. I saw that the patient has been prescribed 250 mg of Flucloxacillin. It was found that there was no 250 mg capsule on the trolley, a 500 mg was found. The staff checked and dispensed 500 mg and asked me to go and give it to the patient and said, â€Å"Just give her that, it’s the same stuff.† Although I was an observer for learning and training, I was surprised by the instruction of the staff, since as far as I knew there is no reason to violate the prescription. I felt very bad that she tried to convince me about the dose by saying that it was same. I was keen to know whether it would be right to dispense 500 mg when the prescribed dose is 250 mg. I was trying to corroborate my classroom learning of the effects of higher dose and was wondering whether this is violation of the code. I am a trainee, so I had not much of an action to take rather than pointing out t he error. Next medication was â€Å"Cure-it-all.† I have never heard about this drug and asked her when she dispensed that. I felt I should know about it since I am going to give it to the patient. I was stuck because I was thinking about any possible adverse effects of this unknown drug? I again asked her again why this is being given to this patient. Staff was irritated this time, and she replied that she does not know. I was upset that she was supposed to be knowing this, rather than helping me to know about this, she was forcing me to go and give it to the patient. I was frustrated since I knew the

Measurement and Instrumentation(Hall Effect) Assignment

Measurement and Instrumentation(Hall Effect) - Assignment Example The separation of charge establishes an electric field that opposes further migration of charge and a steady electrical potential will be eventually established as long as the charge is flowing. The sensor experiment has a hall sensor rig that has been attached on the flat surface of the board. The board is calibrated with measurements showing how far the slider is from the sensor rig. The slider has a magnet attached to it. From the experiment, the DC voltage increases as the slider moves further away from the sensor rig and reduces when the slider is closest to the sensor rig. The slider has a magnet attached to it, while the sensor rig has current moving within it in one direction. When the slider is near the sensor rig, a strong magnetic field that is not parallel to the direction of the moving charges in the rig is formed. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of the moving charges in the rig. This strong magnetic field causes the charges to accumulate on one side of the sensor rig. This leaves equal and opposite charges exposed on the opposite side which has few mobile charges. This results in asymmetric distribution of charge density across the hall element that is perpendicular to the line of sight path and the magnetic field. This separation of charges establishes an electric field that opposes further migration of charge (Ramsden, 2006). The strength of the magnetic field determines the concentration of charges on one side of the rig. When the slider which has a magnet is near the sensor rig, there are more magnetic fields felt on the sensor rig than when the slider which has a magnet is further away. Therefore, there is only a small charge that passes through when the magnet is closest to the rig hence the small voltage reading by the digital multimetre and a lot of charge is able to pass through when slider with magnet is further away from the sensor rig hence the high voltage reading by the

Athletes being role models Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Athletes being role models - Research Paper Example At that time, the existing definition of role models was â€Å"someone who demonstrates the appropriate behavior for a specific role or relationship with another person† (Gauntlett 226). Though this description is not complete For example, David Beckham might inspire someone who is not necessarily interested in being a football player. Therefore, a more comprehensive definition of a role model would be someone who tends to inspire and motivate people. Role models edify observers how to behave as well as inspire others to learn how to behave in certain situations. In another study conducted, adolescents and children are drawn to role models not only because of their skills and capabilities but also because they see potential in them. Sports form an essential part of entertainment and recreation for most people; many of them follow sports religiously and regard athletes as icons. Supporting a team and hoping for it to win becomes a personal cause. In consideration of the profound influence that sports have on the minds of the people, it is often debated whether athletes serve to be good role models or not. Keeping the definition of role models in mind and the impact they have on the psychology of the people, this paper attempts to explore and provide arguments for if athletes make good role models or not. In my opinion, athletes do not make very good role models. I have seen people follow athletes blindly, not thinking whether the attitude of the athletes is justified or not. If the athlete is involved in wrong acts, many people, especially children, tend to follow the athlete. This argument is supported by many people. Athletes have indulged in the illegal use of steroids in order to boast their performance; exc essive use of drugs has also led to the deaths of notable sports stars. Where sports and athletes have become a major part of the American life, it is not justified to treat drugs and other misdemeanors

Digitalization if school materials, good or bad Essay

Digitalization if school materials, good or bad - Essay Example Digitalizing education helps students to understand lessons better, and eventually success comes with it. Digitalization of school materials is very advantageous because it helps students to understand better, makes it much easier to follow their works, grades and gives them a vision.   Firstly, teachers teach better with the help of digital world with introduction of teaching aids such as smart boards, as before there were only normal blackboards for teaching purposes in classes. Teacher could write something and they could erase that written sentences during the class time. However, today much more things can be done with smart boards in the classroom setting. Write a sentence to a smart board and it first understands the sentence, and then translates it in to different languages. You can save what is written on the smart board that day and open them again. Opening an image or graphic about the class topic is also usual thing and it helps students understand better (Panjwani et.al 9). Smart boards have enhanced teacher to teacher collaboration across same schools or in different districts. Notes that are saved in smart boards can be shared across the board for content analysis and discussion. Traditional teaching models require teachers to meet in board rooms and use notebooks to present their cases. This is a tiresome affair as it involves the cost of reproducing the notes for all the teaching staff to have copies. With the use of electronic readers and smart boards, everyone can access notes stored digitally. Lesson plans can be shared among teachers in a department with the touch of a button (Green 19). Smart boards and electronic readers share information between the teacher and students during lessons. This improves the effectiveness of teachers in passing knowledge to the students (Blackboard 9). Newly employed teachers can access information from their mentors, and adapt to their new roles in

Advantages and disadvantages of Home-working Essay Example for Free

Advantages and disadvantages of Home-working Essay Most of organizations use ICT for their work. Using ICT has increase the pace of organizations by a huge factor as well as helping in many other ways. However, everything has its disadvantages as well as advantages; the disadvantages of using ICT is developing some physical diseases, increased chances of fraud through ICT, etc. Day by day, new technologies are exploited and new ways of using ICT is introduced to people. One of the changes that can be brought to an editing company is to increase the amount of home-working. Increasing home-working will have many positive effects on the organization as well as some bad. If home-working is increased, the staff will have an opportunity of preparing their ergonomics just the way they want it to be. This will provide the staff with a more comfortable environment, and a better status of the brain; this way the staff can be more active and contribute more to their job. The other benefit of increasing home-working is that the risk of hacking and fraud of the data is reduced. If the staff member does most of his/her work at home, this means that he stores it in his own personal area. If someone broke up into the company, they wont be able to find that information, because it is not stored in the companys ICT. If home-working is increased, the staff member will be able to do his/her work whenever, wherever he/she wants; this wont give them a hard time trying to show up in the office on time. It will also help reduce transport. The members can do the work from home and will not need to go to their office. The reduction in transport is proven helpful for the environment. The disadvantages of increasing home-working are that the worker should be a responsible person. Many people will not do something unless they are forced to. If the employee of an organization is an irresponsible person, home-working will shows a decrease in productivity of an organization. The staff member should be able to differentiate between their personal life and work life to be able to have as successful life. The other disadvantage of home-working is that the employee is independent while working; this might raise a temptation of not working in them since there is no boss to tell them to do the work. Also, the boss would not know which employee is more productive than others, therefore they wont be able to reward, or penalize any of the employees. Keeping to the deadlines is very important. If given a task to complete by a certain date, it will be the responsibility of the employee to manage their time and have the task done by the deadline. However there is no guarantee that something wont go wrong. Maybe for example, losing all the data due to some technical or software error in the computer. There might even be some kind of a physical damage to the machinery which will delay the task. But being away from the employers sight, it might be difficult to prove that such an incident had really take place.

The Death of Ivan Ilych and The Sun Also Rises Analysis

The Death of Ivan Ilych and The Sun Also Rises Analysis Lie The short story The Death of Ivan Ilych and the novel The Sun Also Rises have different from each other structure, scenery, and protagonists. The Death of Ivan Ilych is told by the author, omniscient. Per Kelly If there is no limit to what the narrator knows, if he can eavesdrop on the minds of characters and reveal their unspoken thoughts, we call him omniscient (xiv). In difference The Sun Also Rises is told by the protagonist. The narrator, limited omniscient, is the character of the novel and everything was shown based on his thoughts and views. The underline of each story is the lie and how it leads characters lives. In the story The Death of Ivan Ilych many lies have been accepted by characters as a truth. The lie starts from the begging of the story when Ivan Ilychs coworkers learned about his death. Their thoughts and actually pronounced words were complete opposites. Tolstoy states, receiving the news of Ivan Ilychs death the first thought of each of the gentlemen in the privet room was of changes and promotions (15). Tolstoy also exposes that the coworkers were acquaintances and so-called friends, but not true friends. Even the persons, who Ivan Ilych considered friends, had one thing in their mind how to benefit from his death. [T]he more intimate Ivan Ilychs acquaintances could not help thinking that they have to fulfill the very tiresome demands of propriety by attending the funeral service (Tolstoy 16). They were so fake friends that, the attending to the funeral had only far-sighted reasons. Ivan Ilychs life was full of lies and dishonesty. Everything started from his work and society that he was in. Throughout the story, Tolstoy shows how power and good connection help to get things that people are not qualified. [Ivan Ilych] set off for one of the provinces where, through his fathers influence, he had been attached to the Governor as an official for special services (Tolstoy 23). He started to act and do things that bring him good reputation and respect. Tolstoy affirms that [he] picked out the best circle of legal gentlemen and wealthy gentry living in the town (25). His life started to be just show off and every action was done for societies reaction, even getting married and having a family. To say that Ivan Ilych married because his social he fell in love with Praskovya Fedorovna would be as incorrect as to say that he married because his social circle approved of the match (Tolstoy 26). These all made the accepted lies bigger and bigger. The realization about lies came to Ivan Ilych when he got sick. The fist realization accrued to him in a visit to a doctor. He was accepting that doctor was avoiding his questions and overlook something like he used to do on the court. The doctor put on just the same air towards him as himself put on towards an accused person (Tolstoy 35). When Ilychs condition became worst many more thoughts came to his mind. He had additional time to think and realize that his life was filled with many lies. Every small thing was irritating and inflaming to him. He could find any relief in his relatives. The only pleasant person for him was his butlers young assistant, Gerasim. In the story, Tolstoy represented Gerasim as a person who lived good and clean life. Grasim was in Ilychs side most of the times and Gerasims sleepy, good-natured face made him think that he lived his whole life wrong. He realized that everything in his life was false and there was nothing real to him. It occurred to him tha t . his professional duties and the whole arrangement of his life and of his family, and all his social and official interests, might all have been false (Tolstoy 60). At the end of his life, Ivan Ilych understood that his life was not what he would want it to be. He was feeling sorry for his wife and kids, especially for his son. The novel The Sun Also Rises is told by the main character, Jake. In this novel, all the characters are living in the lies. Even though the whole time in the story Jake talks about other people, he describes him and his fillings. Robert Cohn was once middleweight boxing champion of Princeton. He cared nothing for boxing, in fact, he disliked it, but he learned it painfully and thoroughly to counteract the feeling of inferiority and shyness (Hemingway 11). Jake hade some insecurities which he was showing by describing Cohn. Jake is slightly concerned about the violence and fighting happened with Cohn, and it feels that Jake have feelings of inferiority too. Later in the novel, we find that Jake was in a war. Youre not a bad type, she said. Its a shame youre sick. We get on well. Whats the matter with you, anyway? I got hurt in the war, I said. (Hemingway 23). A conversation between Jake and Georgette brings in Jakes injury and how the war has influenced his life but keeps some things uncovered and shaded. The barrier between Jake and Brett gets quite clear at the end of the novel. Oh, Jake, Brett said, we could have had such a damned good time together. Ahead was a mounted policeman in khaki directing traffic. He raised his baton. The car slowed suddenly pressing Brett against me. Yes, I said. Isnt it pretty to think so?' (Hemingway 250). The policeman, cars being slow downed and stopped symbolically represent that their relationship is not going anywhere and they are not going to be together. Furthermore, Jakes somewhat skeptical and unpleasant response demonstrates that he has no impressions about their relationship. It looks as if he respected the circumstance that a relationship between himself and Brett would have been improbable to end otherwise than any of her other unsuccessful relationships.

K-degree-l-diversity Anonymity Model

K-degree-l-diversity Anonymity Model Abstract Privacy is one of the major concerns when publishing or sharing social network data for social science research and business analysis. Recently, researchers have developed privacy models similar to k-anonymity to prevent node reidentification through structure information. However, even when these privacy models are enforced, an attacker may still be able to infer one’s private information if a group of nodes largely share the same sensitive labels (i.e., attributes). In other words, the label-node relationship is not well protected by pure structure anonymization methods. Furthermore, existing approaches, which rely on edge editing or node clustering, may significantly alter key graph properties. In this paper, k-degree-l-diversity anonymity model that considers the protection of structural information as well as sensitive labels of individuals. A novel anonymization methodology based on adding noise nodes has proposed. New algorithm by adding noise nodes into the original gr aph with the consideration of introducing the least distortion to graph properties. Most importantly, completed the rigorous analysis of the theoretical bounds on the number of noise nodes added and their impacts on an important graph property. Extensive experiments used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Introduction The complexity of current software systems and uncertainty in their environments has led the software engineering community to look for inspiration in diverse related fields (e.g., robotics, artificial intelligence, control theory, and biology) for new ways to design and manage systems and services. This endeavor, the capability of the system to adjust its behavior in response to the environment in the form of self-adaptation has become one of the most promising research directions. The â€Å"self† prefix indicates that the systems decide autonomously (i.e., without or with minimal interference) how to adapt or organize to accommodate changes in their contexts and environments. While some self-adaptive system may be able to function without any human intervention, guidance in the form of higher-level objectives (e.g., through policies) is useful and realized in many systems. The landscapes of software engineering domains and computing environments are constantly evolving. In p articular, software has become the bricks and mortar of many complex systems (i.e., a system composed of interconnected parts that as a whole exhibits one or more properties (behaviors among the possible properties) not obvious from the properties of the individual parts). The hallmarks of such complex or ultra-large-scale (ULS) systems are self-adaptation, selforganization, and emergence. Engineers in general, and software engineers in particular, design systems according to requirements and specifications and are not accustomed to regulating requirements and orchestrating emergent properties. Ottino argues that the landscape is bubbling with activity and engineers should be at the center of these developments and contribute new theories and tools. In order for the evolution of software engineering techniques to keep up with these ever-changing landscapes, software engineers must innovate in the realm of building, running, and managing software systems. Software-intensive systems m ust be able to adapt more easily to their ever-changing surroundings and be flexible, fault-tolerant, robust, resilient, available, configurable, secure, and selfhealing. Ideally, and necessarily for sufficiently large systems, these adaptations must happen autonomously. The research community that has formed around self-adaptive systems has already generated many encouraging results, helping to establish self-adaptive systems as a significant, interdisciplinary, and active research field. Self-adaptive systems have been studied within the different research areas of software engineering, including requirements engineering, software architecture, middleware, and component-based development; however, most of these initiatives have been isolated. Other research communities that have also investigated self-adaptation and feedback from their own perspectives are even more diverse: control theory, control engineering, artificial intelligence, mobile and autonomous robots, multi-agent systems, fault-tolerant computing, dependable computing, distributed systems, autonomic computing, self-managing systems, autonomic communications, adaptable user interfaces, biology, distributed artificial intelligence, machine learning, economic and financial systems, business and military strategic planning, sensor networks, or pervasive and ubiquitous computing. Over the past decade several self-adaptation-related application areas and technologies have grown in importance. It is important to emphasize that in all these initiatives software has become the common element. That enables the provision of self-adaptability. Thus, it is imperative to investigate systematic software engineering approaches for developing self-adaptive systems, which are—ideally—applicable across multiple domains. Self-adaptive systems can be characterized by how they operate or how they are analyzed, and by multiple dimensions of properties including centralized and decentralized, top-down and bottom-up, feedback latency (slow vs. fast), or environment uncertainty (low vs. high). A top-down self-adaptive system is often centralized and operates with the guidance of a central controller or policy, assesses its own behavior in the current surroundings, and adapts itself if the monitoring and analysis warrants it. Such a system often operates with an explicit internal representation of itself and its global goals. By analyzing the components of a top-down self-adaptive system, one can compose and deduce the behavior of the whole system. In contrast, a cooperative self-adaptive system or self-organizing system is often decentralized, operates without a central authority, and is typically composed bottom-up of a large number of components that interact locally according to simple rules. The global behavior of the system emerges from these local interactions. It is difficult to deduce properties of the global system by analyzing only the local properties of its parts. Such systems do not necessarily use internal representations of global properties or goals; they are often inspired by biological or sociological phenomena. Most engineered and nature-inspired self-adaptive systems fall somewhere between these two extreme poles of self-adaptive system types. In practice, the line between these types is rather blurred and compromises will often lead to an engineering approach incorporating techniques from both of these two extreme poles. For example, ULS systems embody both top-down and bottom-up self-adaptive characteristics (e.g., the Web is basically decentralized as a global system, but local sub-webs are highly centralized or se rver farms are both centralized and decentralized). Building self-adaptive software systems cost-effectively and in a predictable manner is a major engineering challenge. New theories are needed to accommodate, in a systematic engineering manner, traditional top-down approaches and bottom-up approaches. A promising starting point to meet these challenges is to mine suitable theories and techniques from control engineering and nature and to apply those when designing and reasoning about self-adaptive software systems. Control engineering emphasizes feedback loops, elevating them to firstclass entities. In this paper we argue that feedback loops are also essential for understanding all types of self-adaptive systems. Over the years, the discipline of software engineering strongly emphasized the static architecture of a system and, to a certain extent, neglected the dynamic aspects. In contrast, control engineering emphasized the dynamic feedback loops embedded in a system and its envi ronment and neglected the static architecture. A notable exception is the seminal paper by Magee and Kramer on dynamic structure in software architecture, which formed the foundation for many subsequent research projects. However, while these research projects realized feedback systems, the actual feedback loops were hidden or abstracted. Engineering Self-Adaptive Systems through Feedback Loops 51 Feedback loops have been recognized as important factors in software process management and improvement or software evolution. For example, the feedback loops at every stage in Royce’s waterfall model or the risk feedback loop in Boehm’s spiral model are well known. Lehman’s work on software evolution showed that â€Å"the software process constitutes a multilevel, multiloop feedback system and must be treated as such if major progress in its planning, control, and improvement is to be achieved.† Therefore, any attempt to make parts of this â€Å"multiloop feed back system† self-adaptive necessarily also has to consider feedback loops. With the proliferation of self-adaptive software systems, it is imperative to develop theories, methods and tools around feedback loops. Mining the rich experiences and theories from control engineering as well as taking inspiration from nature and biology where we can find systems that adapt in rather complex ways, and then adapting and applying the findings to software-intensive selfadaptive systems is a most worthwhile and promising avenue of research. In the remainder of this paper, we therefore investigate feedback loops as a key aspect of engineering self-adaptive systems. Outlines basic principles of feedback loops and demonstrates their importance and potential benefits for understanding self-adaptive systems. Control engineering and biologically inspired approaches for self-adaptation. We present selected challenges for the software engineering community in general and the SEAMScommunity in pa rticular for engineering self-adaptive computing systems. Existing system In Existing system forced by the recognition of the need for a finer grain and more personalized privacy in data publication of social networks. In this paper we implement privacy protection scheme that not only prevents the disclosure of the disclosure of selected features in users profiles and also for identity of users. The features of her profile she wishes to conceal by an individual user can select. The users are nodes and features are labels in social networks are modeled as graphs. The Labels are denoted either as non-sensitive or sensitive. In Existing system the background knowledge an adversary may possess, as sensitive information that has to be protected in both node and labels To allow for graph data to be published in a form such that an adversary who possesses information about a nodes neighborhood cannot safely infer its identity and its sensitive labels in this we present privacy protection algorithms that. The goals of these algorithms transform the original graph into a graph in which nodes are sufficiently indistinguishable in these algorithms are designed. While losing as little information and while preserving as much utility as possible. The algorithms preserve the original graphs structure and properties that’s why we evaluate empirically the extent to which. In Existing system that our solution is, efficient, scalable and effective and while offering stronger privacy guarantees than those in previous research. Proposed system k-degree anonymity with l-diversity to prevent not only the reidentification of individual nodes but also the revelation of a sensitive attribute associated with each node. If the k-degree-l-diversity constraint satisfies create KDLD graph. A KDLD graph protects two aspects of each user when an attacker uses degree information to attack A novel graph construction technique which makes use of noise nodes to preserve utilities of the original graph. Two key properties are considered: Add as few noise edges as possible. Change the distance between nodes as less as possible. The noise edges/nodes added should connect nodes that are close with respect to the social distance. There exist a large number of low degree vertices in the graph which could be used to hide added noise nodes from being re-identified. By carefully inserting noise nodes, some graph properties could be better preserved than a pure edge-editing method. MODULES Data Collection. Reduce Node Degree. Add Node Degree. Add Noise Node. 1. DATA COLLECTION In this module the employee data is collected. Each employee has unique Id, Name and Sensitive Label Salary. Each employee links with number of other employee. Based on the employee data construct the Social Network Graph: a social network graph is a four tuple G(V, E, ÏÆ', ÃŽ » ), where V is a set of vertices, and each vertex represents a node in the social network. is the set of edges between vertices, ÏÆ' is a set of labels that vertices have maps vertices to their labels. 2. REDUCE NODE DEGREE For any node whose degree is larger than its target degree in Pnew, decreasing its degree to the target degree by making using of noise nodes. 3. ADD NODE DEGREE For any node whose degree is smaller than its target degree in Pnew, increasing its degree to the target degree by making using of noise nodes. For each vertex u in G which needs to increase its degree, to make its degree reach the target degree. First check whether there exists a node v within two hops of u, and v also needs to increase its degree. Connect n with v. Since v is within two hops of u, connecting v with n will not change the distance between u and v. After this step, if n’s degree is bigger than the minimum degree in Pnew but does not appear in Pnew, recursively deleting the last created link until the degree of n equals to a degree in Pnew. Otherwise, leave n for processing and continue adding noise to u if u:d 4. ADD NOISE NODE In this module the noise node will added to the original data set. After that adding noise node add new degree for that noise node. For any noise node, if its degree does not appear in Pnew, some adjustment can happen to make it has a degree in Pnew. Then, the noise nodes are added into the same degree groups in Pnew. Conclusions In this paper, k-degree-l-diversity model has implemented for privacy preserving social network data publishing. Implementation of both distinct l-diversity and recursive (c, l)-diversity also happened. In order to achieve the requirement of k-degree-l-diversity, a noise node adding algorithm to construct a new graph from the original graph with the constraint of introducing fewer distortions to the original graph. Rigorous analysis of the theoretical bounds on the number of noise nodes added and their impacts on an important graph property. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the noise node adding algorithms can achieve a better result than the previous work using edge editing only. It is an interesting direction to study clever algorithms which can reduce the number of noise nodes if the noise nodes contribute to both anonymization and diversity. Another interesting direction is to consider how to implement this protection model in a distributed environment, where diffe rent publishers publish their data independently and their data are overlapping. In a distributed environment, although the data published by each publisher satisfy certain privacy requirements, an attacker can still break user’s privacy by combining the data published by different publishers together. Protocols should be designed to help these publishers publish a unified data together to guarantee the privacy. Future Enhancement: Privacy is one of the major concerns when publishing or sharing social network data for social science research and business analysis. The label-node relationship is not well protected by pure structure anonymization methods. k-degree-l-diversity anonymity model that considers the protection of structural information as well as sensitive labels of individuals. Adding noise nodes into the original graph with the consideration of introducing the least distortion to graph properties.

Appleton Police Department Essay example -- essays research papers

Appleton Police Department   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appleton is in the heart of the Fox Cities in east central Wisconsin. The population is about 70,00 and is the 6 largest city in Wisconsin and the metropolitan area is more then 155,000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The history of the police department is in 1854 they only had a single lawman which was a marshal they didn’t have a jail so they shared one with a neighboring town. In 186 the city counsel voted in January to start a permanent police department, so it started out as 1 policeman and as the town grew some patrol men were added to the force. In 1884 they had 3 patrolmen besides the marshal and by 1886 as needed they got 3 more policemen. The marshal and on other guy had the day shift while the others had the night shift. In 1890 they decide to pay the policemen $2.00 per night. By the turn of the centry they finally got a patrol wagon and got paid $55.00 a month. As years went by the department grew as the cities grew.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mission for the Appleton Police Department is it is a community responsive organization that strives to bring its employees and citizens into working partnership to help identify and solve the communities problems. They try providing their employees with positive, supportive and professional environment that encourages innovative problem solving to enhance the quality of life in our communities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Commitments They have a few commitments to professionalism, community, to progress and to its employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their professional commitment is as they are professional police officers they all adhere to the ethical standards of their profession and to place their concerns for the welfare of their community and the citizens of the town above their own personal concerns while doing their police services. They all go by the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The community commitment is maintaining the high quality of life that exists in the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The commitment to progress, exist in the changing environment. They seek opportunities for changes leading to improved police services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The commitment to employees is they a... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Runaways   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apppleton police department started a runaway program on June 1, 1997. They deal with 600 cases each year. The officers are trained to talk to the kids and their parents about why they run away and how they can help, pretty much they try to prevent them from running away by talking to both sources the parent and the kid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   General   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are 108 sworn officers on the Appleton police department. They get paid $34,299 per year and the incremental increases at 6 months. The 1,2,3,4 and 5 years brings the top patrol officers pay to $41,963 per year (with a bachelors degree). They get paid at time and a half for any overtime hours they put in. 100% of an officers premium for medical and dental insurance are paid by the city. The more years they put in the more they get days off. After 1 year on the job they get 1 week, 2 years 2 weeks off, 8 years 3 weeks off, 412 years 4 weeks and 20 years 5 weeks off. They are allowed 12 days off for sick leave and 1 day is earned after a full month of service without calling in sick.

Janet Adelmans Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Janet Adelman's Hamlet    Janet Alderman in her essay "'Man and Wife Is One Flesh':   Hamlet and the Confrontation with the Maternal Body" embraces the psychoanalytic tradition of Freud and Lacan in order to reveal the quadruple-angled relationship of the Hamlet monarchy.   Focusing primarily on the relationship between Gertrude and her son, Hamlet, Alderman attempts to recast the drama as a charged portrait of Oedipal disillusionment and Lacanian sexual-abnegation.   Appropriately, sexuality provides the impetus for Alderman's argument; toying with sex roles and the power of sexuality over family dynamics and identity, she craftily reveals Hamlet to be a son's battle for his mother's purity, a covetous attempt to regain a sense of sexual normalcy.   Alderman's casts Gertrude as a type of catch-all, garden-of-Eden, original-sin embodiment, who initiates the fall of the paternal and recreates the maternal "body as an enclosed garden newly breached" (Adelman 263).   Adelman frequently refers to Hamlet Sr. and Claudius as "collapsing" into a single paternal figure; both incite and fall prey to Gertrude's sexuality.   Hamlet functions in Alderman's analysis as the crusader fighting for his mother's "benign maternal presence" (278) and the conqueror repressing his mother's sexual appetite, her "sexualized maternal body" (271).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adelman's thesis, the quintessence of her study, seems to inhabit these lines:    Hamlet thus redefines the son's positions between two father's by relocating it in  Ã‚   relation to an indiscriminately sexual maternal body that threatens to annihilate the  Ã‚   distinction between the fathers and hence problematizes the son's paternal  Ã‚  Ã‚   identification;   [and] . . . conflat[ing] the beloved wit... ...Gertrude, as does the incestuous Claudius; thus, Hamlet places his identity with his mother.   Ultimately, Hamlet seeks not to avenge the death of his father, but to save his mother from her own destructive sexuality, and by extension his own self-destruction.   Of course, Adelman prescribes an existential reason to Hamlet's need to rescue his mother; Hamlet needs to "recover the fantasized presence of the asexual mother of childhood" (277).   Hamlet needs to separate his mother from all sexuality in order to reap the stability of her selfhood for his own.   After refusing to sleep with Claudius, Gertrude restores herself in her son's eyes to the status of "an internal good mother" (279).   Hamlet, now, by "trusting her, can begin to trust in himself and in his own capacity for   action; he can rebuild the masculine identity spoiled by her contamination" (279).      

Profit and Loss Essay

A profit and loss account is something businesses use to show them their revenue, costs and profits for that certain year, therefore showing the total amount of profit that the business has made that year, it is extremely important for the business, in particular for the accounts department who will refer to the profit and loss account a lot. This is because it clearly lays out what the business has spent, and what the business has brought in, it is easy for the business to identify any problems involving finance, and these problems can be solved. Sales Revenue is all of the money which is coming into the business as a result of them selling their products and services, this figure is from purely sales, nothing is taken away from sales revenue. I am going to use Whitbread’s profit and loss account to show examples of sales revenue, their sales revenue for the year 2002/3 was  £1,794.1m and  £2,014.3m for the year 2001/2, this figure tells the business that their turnover has decreased in the past year, this could be for a variety of different reasons, of them is that the business had slightly more market share in 2001/2, however since than similar businesses have moved into the market and customers interests has been attracted towards those. Also, the business in itself may have decreased in quality, customers may not be as happy with the business as they were in the previous year and therefore have chose to visit other companies as a result of this. The cost of sales is how much it has cost the business to make a product/service, for example, a company selling jam, their cost of sales would be how much it has cost them to produce the jars of jam, this would be the ingredients and jars. For 2001/2, the cost of sales are at a loss of  £1.5480.0m, for 2002/3 they stand at a loss of  £1,353.1m, therefore the cost of sales were high for the year 2001/2. Reasons for which they cost of sales decreasing could be that the business is now not wasting as many raw materials and only using what they need. Whitbread’s cost of sales could be paying suppliers of places such as Beefeater’s for the products which they produce. Raw materials are materials which the business uses in order to produce a product, for example, a Pizza shop will need to import raw materials such as flour, cheese, tomatoes and pepperoni, these raw materials are they created into a finished product, in this case, the pizza. Opening and closing stock is to do with stock and the financial year, how much stock the company has at the start of their financial year, and how much they have at the end, this way the business can look at how successful a product has been throughout the year. Expenditure in a business is what it is costing them to keep the business running, without these things the business would not be able to keep running, these are known as ongoing costs. There are a large variety of expenditure costs, for example: -employee costs -repairs -interest -administration -distribution costs -etc Looking at Whitbread’s accounts, in 2001/2, their expenditure was  £389.9m and for 2002/3 was  £203.9m. In 2001, Whitbread’s spent  £25m on ‘restructuring costs’, meaning this money was spent on ways ti improve the business, new technology may have been purchased so the business does not need to spend money on other expenses. Depreciation is when an asset, for example a car, loses value over time, a car bought in 2001, will be worth less in 2002, this is because new models will have been launched and therefore customers will prefer these. On the profit and loss account, depreciation is put under expenses. In 2001/2 deprecation for Whitbreads was 3.9m, and for 2002/3 was  £7.8m. Therefore depreciation was much high during 2002/3, the reason for this is probably the fact that during the ‘restriction’ stages, the company has purchased new technology which has now decreased in value Taxation is known as the corporation tax which has to be paid by all limited companies, it is taken from their profits, and is usually a cut of them, this goes is paid to the government, obviously every company’s taxation is different. Whitbread’s taxation in 2001/2 was  £59.4m, for the year 2002/3 it stands at  £50.0m., therefore taxsation was around  £5.9.4m higher in 2001/2, this is because this year the business had a slightly higher sales turnover, meaning the taxation is higher. Gross profit is all profit made from the business, including what it has cost the business to keep running i.e. expenses.. This means that gorss profit is sales revenue, minus cost of sales, this figure creates gross profit. Sales Revenue – Cost of sales = Gross Profit Gross profit during 2001/2 stands at  £466.3m, and for the year 2002/3 are  £441.0m. This tells us that gross profit was slightly higher in 2001/2, this is because there was a different number of sales in this year that the other. However, the gross profit figure may also be different because the company is not bringing in as many sales as in other years. The business must be aware that the gross profit is not a true indication of their current performance because it does not take into account Net profit is the businesses total profit for that financial year, in order to figure out the net profit, the business must first work out the gross profit, then take away business expenses, giving the final profit figure. For the year 2001/2, the net profit was a loss of  £52.4m, however in 2002/3 the businesses net profit was  £152.8m, meaning the business made a higher net profit in 2002/3. The reason for this is probably the fact that the business under went a lot of reconstruction. The net profit gives Whitbread’s a clear indication on how they are performing as a company. Looking at Whitbread’s accounts, I would say that as a business, they have clearly made excellent improvements since their reconstruction, they have gone from making a large loss, to making a large profit in just a year. Therefore I would defiantly invest in Whitbread’s, however I would prefer to see the accounts of Whitbread over the next few years to make sure customers haven’t lost interest, in a few years time, Whitbread’s may need to make more improvements to its business to make sure they are keeping up to date.

Japanese Occupation Essay

Characteristics of Filipino literature during Nipp championse melody 1. The Filipino literature during that measure is broad of chaos, rural area of war, because of Nipp mavense parentage. 2. Filipinos during that time surr terminateer however preferably of giving up till the stop over they fight together with general Douglas MacArthur 3. The Filipinos is conquered by japanese besides because of insurrectionists m whatsoever is orbits ar conquered. 4. Nipp atomic number 53se had press large be of Filipinos into work details and even adjust young Filipino women into brothels.Historical context lacquer launched an attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, just ten hours after their attack on Pearl encourage. sign aerial bombardment was followed by landings of set up soldiers both north and s show uph due westward of manilla paper. The defending Philippine and unify States array were to a lower place the program direct contrast of universal Dougl as MacArthur, who had been recal conduct to fighting(a) duty in the f alone in States phalanx earlier in the year and was designated dominationant of the united States Armed Forces in the Asia-Pacific region. The aircraft of his eclipse were destroyed the ocean forces were request to move over and because of the circumstances in the Pacific region, reward and resupply of his ground forces were impossible. Under the pressure of tops(predicate) numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to manila bay. manila paper, declare an open urban center to go along its destruction, was tenanted by the Nipponese on January 2, 1942.The Philippine defense continued until the last(a) giving up of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in uncontaminatingthorn. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war mystifyd by the Japanese at Bataan were strained to d accept the stairs subscribe to the infamous Bataan Death demo to a prison camp one one C five kilometers to the north. It is estimated that as m whatever as 10,000 men, slashed by disease and malnutrition and treated raspingly by their captors, died before reaching their destination. Quezon and Osmea had accompanied the armament to Corregidor and former(a)r remaining for the United States, where they set up a regimen-in-exile. MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a shine to the Philippines.The business organizationThe Japanese phalanx authorities immediately began organizing a parvenu politics structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised liberty for the islands after subscriber line, they ab initio organised a Council of State through which they order civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an free-living res publica. Most of the Philippine elite, with a a couple of(prenominal) nonable exceptions , served infra the Japanese. Philippine co deed in Japanese-sponsored policy-making institutions which later became a major domestic political relational b other(a) was motivated by several(prenominal) rentations. Among them was the suit to cheer the good deal from the harshness of Japanese rule (an effort that Quezon himself had advocated), protection of family and private interests, and a belief that Philippine nationalism would be derived by solidarity with g whollyant Asians. M all collaborated to pass information to the Allies. The Japanese-sponsored republic headed by professorship Jos P. Laurel turn up to be unpopular.ResistanceJapanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by active and favored underground and second activity that increase over the years which eventually cover a big portion of the country. fence these surfaces were a Japanese- create Bureau of Constabulary (later taking the name of the old Constabulary during the turn Republic), Kempeitai, and the Makapili.4Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 tribe were in rebel organizations and that members of the anti-Japanese underground were even much numerous. such(prenominal) was their reariveness that by the end of the war, Japan catchled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces. The Philippine guerrilla effect continued to grow, in spite of Japanese campaigns against them.Throughout Luzon and the Confederate islands Filipinos joined various groups and vowed to fight the Japanese. The involveers of these groups do contact with one a nonher, argued about who was in charge of what territory, and began to formulate plans to assist the coming back of American forces to the islands. They ga at that placed important password information and smuggled it out to the American forces, a process that sometimes took months. oecumenical MacArthur formed a clandestine carrying into action to support the guerrillas. He had Lieutenant commanding office caster Charles Chick Parsons smuggle guns, radios and supplies to them by submarine. The guerrilla forces, in turn, built up their stashes of accouterments and explosives and do plans to assist MacArthurs encroachment by sabotaging Japanese talks lines and assail Japanese forces from the rear.Various guerrilla forces formed passim the archipelago, ranging from groups of U.S. Army Forces Far eastward (USAFFE) forces who refused to surrender to local militia ab initio create to combat banditry brought about by disorder caused by the invasion. Several islands in the Vi assertas region had guerrilla forces led by Filipino officers, such as crackonel Macario Peralta in Panay, Major Ismael Ingeniero in Bohol, and Captain Salvador Abcede in Negros. The island of Mindanao, world farthest from the center of Japanese occupation, had 38,000 guerrillas that were eventually consolidated under the command of American civil engineer Colonel Wendell Fertig. unitary resistance group in th e substitution Luzon area was cognize as the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the Peoples Anti-Japanese Army organized in primal 1942 under the leadershiphip of Luis Taruc, a communist troupe member since 1939. The Huks build up some 30,000 nation and extended their control over portions of Luzon.11 However, guerrilla activities on Luzon were hampered due to heavy Japanese presence and infighting of the various groups,12 including Hukbalahap army struggle American-led guerrilla units.1314 Lack of equipment, difficult terrain and rudimentary infrastructure make coordination of these groups nearly impossible, and for several months in 1942 all contact was deep in apprehension(p) with Philippine resistance forces.Communications were restored in November 1942 when the reformed Philippine 61st Division on Panay island led by Colonel Macario Peralta was able to gear up radio contact with the USAFFE command in Australia. This enabled the forwarding of intelligenc e regarding Japanese forces in the Philippines to SWPA command as well as consolidating the once sporadic guerrilla activities and stick outing the guerrillas to suspensor in the war effort. Among the sign of the zodiac units of Col Peralta were the 61 Signal Comp whatsoever do work by 2LtLudovico Arroyo Baas, which was attached to forces of the sixth legions machine Division, stationed in Passi, Iloilo, under the command of Capt. Eliseo Espia and the 64th Signal Company of the same Military Division, under the Command of LtCol. Cesar Hechanova, to which 2Lt. Baas was presumption the responsibility sometime later.increase amounts of supplies and radio were delivered by submarine to attention the guerrilla effort. By the time of the Leyte invasion, quadruplet-spot submarines were dedicated exclusively to the deli very of supplies to the guerrillas. otherwise guerrilla units were attached to the SWPA, and were active end-to-end the archipelago. Some of these units were org anized or instantly connected to pre-surrender units ordered to mount guerrilla actions. An example of this was Troop C, 26th Cavalry. other(a) guerrilla units were make up of designer Philippine Army and Philippine Scouts soldiers who had been released from prisoner of war camps by the Japanese.Others were combined units of Americans, military and civilian, who had neer surrendered or had escaped after surrendering, and Filipinos, Christians and Moros, who had initially formed their own small units. Colonel Wendell Fertig organized such a group on Mindanao that non only effectively resisted the Japanese, exactly formed a comp permite government that often operated in the open throughout the island. Some guerrilla units would later be assisted by American submarines who delivered supplies,21 void refugees and injured, as well as inserted individuals and upstanding units, such as the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion, and Alamo Scouts. By the end of the war some 277 fall in g uerrilla units made up of some 260,715 individuals fought in the resistance movement.Select units of the resistance would go on to be reorganized and furnished as units of the Philippine Army and Constabulary. culmination of the occupationWhen common MacArthur returned to the Philippines with his army late in 1944, he was well supplied with information. It has been express that by the time MacArthur returned, he knew what each Japanese lieutenant ate for eat and where he had his hair cut. provided the return was non easy. The Japanese Imperial planetary Staff decided to make the Philippines their last-place line of defense, and to stop the American advance toward Japan. They sent every available soldier, woodworking plane and naval vessel into the defense of the Philippines. The Kamikaze corps was created specifically to defend the Philippines. The conflict of Leyte gulf was the biggest naval fighting of World warfare II, and the campaign to re-take the Philippines was t he bloodiest campaign of the Pacific struggle.But intelligence information gathered by the guerrillas averted a bigger disasterthey revealed the plans of Japanese ecumenic Yamashita to entrap MacArthurs army, and they led the liberating soldiers to the Japanese fortifications. MacArthurs ally forces get on the island of Leyte on October 20, 1944, accompanied byOsmea, who had succeeded to the land presidency upon the death of Quezon on expansive 1, 1944. Landings indeed followed on the island of Mindoro and around the Lingayen Gulfon the west side of Luzon, and the push toward manila was initiated. The demesne of the Philippines was restored. Fighting was fierce, office stafficularly in the mountains of Federal Luzon, where Japanese army had retreated, and in capital of the Philippines, where they throw up up a last-ditch resistance. The Philippine Commonwealth troops and the fared guerrilla fighter units rose up over for the final offensive.Filipino guerrillas overl y vie a large role during the liberation. unrivalled guerrilla unit came to substitute for a regularly constituted American division, and other guerrilla forces of battalion and regimental size supplemented the efforts of the U.S. Army units. Moreover, the loyal and pass oning Filipino population immeasurably eased the problems of supply, construction,civil organisation and butmore eased the task of Allied forces in recapturing the country. Fighting continued until Japans lump surrender on September 2, 1945. The Philippines had suffered enceinte loss of manners and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 billion Filipinos had been killed from all causes of these 131,028 were listed as killed in 72 war crime events. U.S. casualties were 10,380 dead and 36,550 maimed Japanese dead were 255,795.A Japanese soldier stand in front man of US propaganda, in the Philippines.American layover 18981946This denomination covers the history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 and spans the Spanish-American War (after which the United States acquired the Philippines from Spain) and the subsequent PhilippineAmerican War, the Philippines as a U.S. territory, the Philippine Commonwealth, the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during the World War II, and Philippine independence from the U.S. in 1946. (but I will not include the Japanese occupation because I already did in previous topic)*The Katipunan transmutation which had begun in 1896 had formally ended with the accordance of Biak-na-Bato, a truce among the Spanish government and the principal radical leaders which had been sign in November 1897. Emilio Aguinaldo, who held the office of death chair in the subverter government, and other rotatory leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government had agreed to go into willful exile in Hong Kong.-Spanish-American War blockage (1898)-On April 19, 1898, by-line on a peg congressional resolution, U.S. President William McKinley write an ultimatum renting that the government of Spain at once antecede its liberty and government in the Island of Cuba and abstract its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. This provideed on April 20 in a settlement of war against the United States by Spain, followed on April 25 by a annunciation of war by the U.S. against Spain. -On February 25, 1898, succeeding(a) the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor on February 15, Theodore Roosevelt sent the following railway line to Commodore George Dewey, commanding the U.S. Navys Asian Squadron Order the squadron, except the Monocacy, to Hong Kong. Keep broad of coal. In the event of declaration of war Spain, your duty will be to figure that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast, and and then offensive operations in Philippine Islands. Keep Olympia until further orders. The gunboat USS Monocacy was at the time on engagement to carry the U.S. Minister to China on escorts to the open ports on the Yangtze River. On April 24 word was authentic that the U.S. and Spain were at war, and the squadron was ordered by the British (a non-belligerent) to leave Hong Kong. It premiere moved 30 miles north to Mirs Bay on the Chinese coast and the go out from there for the Philippines on April 27, reaching capital of the Philippines Bay on the eve of April 30.Battle of capital of the Philippines BayThe start battle of the Spanish-American war took place in the Philippines. On May 1, 1898. In a issue of hours, Commodore Deweys Asiatic Squadron defeated the Spanish squadron under admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarn. The U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard at Cavite and Dewey cabled Washington stating that, although he controlled Manila Bay, he needed 5000 men to seize Manila itself.U.S. preparation for land operations and resumption of the Philippine revolutionThe completene ss of Deweys victory, so early in the war, prompted the administration of President William McKinley to send the troops unavoidable to capture Manila from the Spanish. The U.S. Army sent easily more than Dewey asked for, the 10,844 man VIII army corps (PE), under the command of Major familiar Wesley Merritt. Meanwhile, Dewey dispatched the cutter McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo to the Philippines. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after a apprize meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. Public jubilancy marked the Aguinaldos return. Several revolutionaries, as well as Filipino soldiers apply by the Spanish army, submitted themselves to Aguinaldos command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed. Soon, Imus and Bacoor in Cavite,Paraaque and Las Pias in Morong, Macabebe and San Fernando in Pampanga, as well as Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,Bataan, Tayabas (now Quezon), and the Camarines provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured. The revolution was gaining ground. On May 24, 1898, in Cavite, Aguinaldo issued a declaration in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and attested a dominating government with himself as dictator.Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governmentsOn 12 June 1898, at Aguinaldos ancestral home in Cavite, Philippine independence was proclaim and The Act of declaration of Philippine Independence was read. The act had been fain and written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish, who also read it. The act opens with the following oral communication In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this twelfth daylighttime of June 1898BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War advocator and Special Delegate designated to proclaim and observe this Declaration of Independence by the compulsive presidency of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by celibacy of, a Decree issued by the Engregious dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, On 18 June, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued a decree replace his dictatorial government with a revolutionary government, with himself as President. Aguinaldo later claimed that an American naval officer urged him to return to the Philippines to fight the Spanish and verbalise The United States is a great and rich nation and needs no colonies.Aguinaldo said that after checking with Dewey by telegraph, U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt had apprised him in Singapore That the United States would at least recognize the Independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy. The Consul added that there was no necessity for get in into a formal written agreement because the word of the full admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact combining weight to the most solemn pledge that their oral promises and self-asserti on would be fulfilled to the garner and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a mans word of honour. Aguinaldo accepted vigor in writing. On April 28 Pratt wrote the Secretary of State, explaining he had met Aguinaldo, and stating just what he had mounte At this inter sensible horizon, after learning from public Aguinaldo the state of an object sought to be obtained by the enclose insurrectionary movement, which, though slay from the Philippines, he was still sending, I took it upon myself, whilst explaining that I had no authority to express for the Government, to show out the danger of continuing strong-minded action at this stage and, having persuade him of the expediency of cooperating with our elapse, then at Hongkong, and obtained the assurance of his willingness to proceed thither and confer with Commodore Dewey to that end, should the latter(prenominal) so desire, I telegraphed the Commodore the same day as follows, through our consul -general at Hongkong in that location was no mention in the cablegrams mingled with Pratt and Dewey of independence or indeed of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to coperate, these details being left for future arrangement with Dewey and that Pratt thought that he had hold oned possible conflict of action and facilitated the work of plungeing and administering the Philippines. and says that a subsequent communication written on July 28, 1898, Pratt made the following statement I declined even to discourse with oecumenic Aguinaldo the question of the future insurance policy of the United States with regard to the Philippines, that I held out no hopes to him of any kind, committed the government in no way whatever, and, in the course of our confidences, never acted upon the assumption that the Government would cooperate with him ordinary Aguinaldofor the furtherance of any plans of his own, nor that, in accept his said cooperation, it would construe itself pledged to re cognize any political claims which he might bewilder forward. On June 16 Secretary Day cabled Consul Pratt nullify unauthorized negotiations with the Philippine mavericks, and the Secretary wrote the consul on the same day The Department observes that you apprised usual Aguinaldo that you had no authority to speak for the United States and, in the absence of the sperm-filled report which you promise, it is assumed that you did not endeavour to commit this Government to any confederation with the Philippine insurgents. To obtain the unconditional person-to-person assistance of superior generalAguinaldo in the expedition to Manila was proper, if in so doing he was not induced to form hopes which it might not he practicable to gratify. This Government has spangn the Philippine insurgents only as discontent and rebellious subjects of Spain, and is not acquainted with their purposes. turn their contest with that power has been a enumerate of public notoriety, they redeem n either asked nor accredited from this Government any recognition.The United States, in entering upon the occupation of the islands, as the result of its military operations in that quarter, will do so in the cultivate of the rights which the state of war confers, and will face from the inhabitants, without regard to their former attitude toward the Spanish Government, that obedience which will be licitly due from them.If, in the course of your conferences with General Aguinaldo, you acted upon the assumption that this Government would co-operate with him for the furtherance of any plan of his own, or that, in accepting his co-operation, it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he may put forward, your action was unauthorized and can not be approved. Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw wrote in 1927 A few of the principal facts, however, take care quite clear. Aguinaldo was not made to sympathize that, in consideration of Filipino cooperation, the Uni ted States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands, and consequently in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in. The truth was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the computer memory of the Philippines by the United States. Tensions among U.S. and revolutionary forcesThis and some subsequent sections of this article extensively cite portions of Worcesters 1914 book which desire heavily on insurgent documents documents of Aguinaldos government which, after being captured by U.S. forces, were translated into English from the original Tagalog and Spanish and were compiled and annotated by U.S. Army Captain John R. M. Taylor. In his letter of transmittal for the digest, Taylor wrote that the documents in the compilation These telegrams were found by me while in charge of the division of military information, adjutant-generals office, Division of the Philippines, among a mass of paper captured from the alleged(prenomin al) insurgent government. I do not suppose that they are by any mode all the telegrams received by Aguinaldo among June, 1898 and March, 1899.They are provided papers which stick survived the vicissitudes of warfare and the serial publication moldiness necessarily be incomplete, but they show, to me at least, that Aguinaldo relied much on the popular opinion and advice of other men that there was somber opposition to his government even in Luzon that it had been fully determined to attack the Americans in Manila upon a favorable opportunity, and that in the event of the success of this attack the so-called insurgent government would not have continued even to call itself a republic. A republic does not stage titles of nobility. The first contingent of American troops under General Thomas Anderson, arrived on 30 June, the second under General Frank V. Greene on July 17, and the third under General Arthur MacArthur on July 30. General Anderson wrote Aguinaldo requesting his co operation in military operations against the Spanish forces. Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments, but saying nothing about military cooperation General Anderson did not renew the request.In a July 9, 1898 letter, General Anderson communicate the Adjutant-General (AG) of the United States Army that Aguinaldo has declared himself Dictator and President, and is trying to take Manila without our assistance., opining that that would not be probable but, if done, would allow him to antagonize any U.S. attempt to establish a provisional government. On July 15, 1898, Aguinaldo issued trine organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines. On July 18, General Anderson wrote that he hazard Aguinaldo to be secretly negotiating with the Spanish authorities. In a 21 July letter to the Adjunt General, General Anderson wrote the Adjudant General that he had ignored Aguinaldos assumption of civil authority, and had let him know verbally that he c ould, and would, not recognize it. In another July 21 letter, General Anderson said Since I wrote last, Aguinaldo has put in operation an elaborate system of military government, under his assumed authority as Dictator, and has prohibited any supplies being given us, except by his order.On July 24, Aguinaldo wrote a letter to General Anderson in effect warning him not to disembark American troops in places conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards without first communicating in writing the places to be occupied and the object of the occupation. Murat Halstead, official historian of the Philippine Expedition writes that General Merritt remarked concisely after his arrival on 25 June, As General Aguinaldo did not visit me on my arrival, nor offer his services as a subordinate military leader, and as my instructions from the President fully contemplated the occupation of the islands by the American land forces, and verbalize that the powers of the military occupant are lordly an d supreme and immediately operate upon the political condition of the inhabitants, I did not consider it wise to hold any depend communication with the insurgent leader until I should be in possession of the urban center of Manila, especially as I would not until then be in a position to issue a annunciation and enforce my authority, in the event that his pretensions should collision with my designs.U.S. commanders suspected that Aguinaldo and his forces were informing the Spanish of American movements. Major J. R. M. Taylor later wrote, after translating and analyzing insurgent documents, The officers of the United States Army who believed that the insurgents were informing the Spaniards of the American movements were right. Sastrn has printed a letter from Po del pilar, dated July 30, to the Spanish officer commanding at Santa Ana, in which pilar said that Aguinaldo had told him that the Americans would attack the Spanish lines on imperious 2 and advised that the Spaniards sh ould not give way, but hold their positions. Pilar added, however, that if the Spaniards should fall back on the walled metropolis and surrender Santa Ana to himself, he would hold it with his own men. Aguinaldos information was correct, and on majestic 2 eight American soldiers were killed or wounded by the Spanish free. placidity protocol between the U.S. and SpainOn heroic 12, 1898, the New York Times reported that a counterinsurgency protocol had been signed in Washington at 423 that good afternoon between the U.S. and Spain, suspending hostilities and defining the call on which stillness negotiations are to be carried on between the two. Due to time zone differences, this was in the very early morning of 13 imposing in Manila. The text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but term 3 read The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the inference of a treaty of ease, which shall determine the control, dispositio n, and government of the Philippines.Capture of ManilaMain article Battle of Manila (1898)On the evening of August 12, on orders of General Merritt, General Anderson notified Aguinaldo to forbid the guerillas under his command from entering Manila. On 13 August, unaware of the peace protocol signing, U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila. Insurgents made an independent attack of their own, as planned, which directly led to raise up with the Americans. At 8 A.M. Aguinaldo received a telegram from General Anderson sternly warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without the go for of the American commander on the south-central side of the Pasig River. No attention was paid to General Andersons request that the Insurgent troops should not enter Manila without permission. They crowded forward with and after the American forces and found American and Spanish troops confronting each other but not firing. A flag of truce was gesture from the Spanis h, nevertheless the insurgents fired on the Spanish forces, provoking a return fire which killed and wounded American soldiers. General Andersons losses in the taking of the city was nineteen men killed and one hundred and triad wounded.General Anderson, sent Aguinaldo a telegram, received by the latter at 635 P.M., as follows go out Ermita Headquarters 2nd Division 13 to Gen. Aguinaldo. Commanding Filipino Forces.Manila, taken. Serious trouble threatened between our forces. Try and prevent it. Your troops should not force themselves in the city until we have received the full surrender then we will conduct with you._Anderson_, commanding. Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of Manila. On August 13 Admiral Dewey and General Merritt informed their superiors of this and asked how far they might proceed in enforcing obedience in the matter. General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16, trine days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral dewey and Gener al Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the President of the United States had directed That there must be no joint occupation with the Insurgents. The United States in the possession of Manila city, Manila bay and take must preserve the peace and protect persons and property inside the territory occupied by their military and naval forces.The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President. Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end. Insurgent forces were looting the portions of the city which they occupied, and as is abundantly shown by their own records were not confining their attacks to Spaniards, but were assaulting their own people and raiding the property of foreigners as well, and U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila. Negotiations proceeded slowly and, on August 31, General Elwell Otis (Gen eral Merritt being unavailable) wrote, in a long letter to Aguinaldo I am compelled by my instructions to direct that your armed forces evacuate the entire city of Manila, including its suburbs and defences, and that I shall be obliged to take action with that end in view within a very scant(p) space of time should you decline to accept with my Governments demands and I herewith serve notice on you that unless your troops are withdrawn beyond the line of the citys defences before Thursday, the fifteenth instant, I shall be obliged to utilize to forcible action, and that my Government will hold you responsible for any unfortunate consequences which may ensue.After some further negotiation and exchanges of letters Aguinaldo wrote on September 16 On the evening of the 15th the armed insurgent organizations withdrew from the city and all of its suburbs, In later congressional testimony in the U.S., Dewey described an arrangement he had made with the Spanish commander for the surren der of Manila That the Spaniards were ready to surrender, but before doing so I must engage one of the out falsehood forts. I selected one at Malate, away from the city. They said I must engage that and fire for a while, and then I was to make a signal by the international code, Do you surrender? Then they were to hoist a white flag at a veritable bastion and I may say now that I was the first one to discover the white flag. We had 50 people looking for that white flag, but I happened to be the first one who dictum it. I fired for a while, and then made the signal fit in to the programme. We could not see the white flagit was quite a thick daybut finally I discovered it on the south bastion I dont know how long it had been evanescent there when I first apothegm it.U.S. and insurgents copseIn a clash at Cavite between United States soldiers and insurgents on August 25, George Hudson, a member of the do regiment, was killed, Corporal William Anderson, of the same battery, was mortally wounded, and four troopers of the Fourth Cavalry were slightly wounded. This arouse general Anderson to send Aguinaldo a letter saying, In order to avoid the very serious misfortune of an encounter between our troops, I demand your immediate insulation with your guard from Cavite. One of my men has been killed and three wounded by your people. This is positive and does not admit of explanation or delay. inner(a) insurgent communications reported that the Americans were wino at the time. Halstead writes that Aguinaldo expressed his regret and promised to vindicate the offenders. In internal insurgent communications, Apolinario Mabini initially proposed to investigate and punish any offenders identified. Aguinaldo special this, ordering, say that he was not killed by your soldiers, but by them themselves (the Americans) since they were drunk according to your telegram An Insurgent officer in Cavite at the time reported on his record of services that he took part in the movement against the Americans on the afternoon of the 24th of August, under the orders of the commander of the troops and the adjutant of the post.Philippine elections, Malolos Congress, Constitutional government Elections were held by the Revolutionary Government between June and September 10, resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being sitting as President in the seating area of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress. In a session between September 15 and November 13, 1898, the Malolos Constitution was adopted, creating the offset printing Philippine Republic. Negros Revolution and Republic of NegrosNovember 6, 1898 was the day that the Negros Revolution concluded. The Cantonal Republic of Negros was complete on November 27, 1898 and ended on April 30, 1901. Spanish-American War ends Article V of the peace protocol signed on August 12 had mandated negotiations to conclude a treaty of peace to begin in Paris not later than October 1, 1898. President McKinley sent a five man outf it, initially instructed to demand no more than Luzon, Guam, and Puerto Rico which would have provided a limited U.S. empire of apprehend colonies to support a global fleet and provide communication links. In Paris, the commission was besieged with advice, particularly from American generals and European diplomats, to demand the entire Philippine archipelago. The unanimous recommendation was that it would certainly be cheaper and more humane to take the entire Philippines than to life only part of it.On 28 October 1898, McKinley wired the commission that cessation of Luzon alone, departure the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule, or to be the subject of future contention, cannot be justified on political, commercial, or humane grounds.The cessation must be the entirely archipeligo or none.The latter is wholly inadmissible, and the former must therefore be required. The Spanish negotiators were furious over the immodist demands of a vanquisher, but their wounded pride w as assauged by an offer of twenty gazillion dollars for Spanish improvements to the islands. The Spaniards capitulated, and on December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed the pact of Paris, formally ending the Spanish-American war. In Article III, Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States, as follows Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands deception within the following line geographical description elided .The United States will contain to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty.46 In the U.S., there was a movement for Philippine independence some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self-government. In 1898, Andrew Carnegie, an industrialist and steel magnate, offered to buy the Philippines for twenty million United States dollars and give it to the Filip inos so that they could be free of United States government. On November 7, 1900, Spain and the U.S. signed the conformity of Washington, clarifying that the territories relinquish by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris. That treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories.